Perennial Grains Project

Traditional grains are annual crops.  That is, the land is cleared and plowed, seeds planted, several months later the crops are harvested and the cycle starts again.  This is particularly suited for energy and chemical intensive agriculture, because large swaths of land can be planted in the way, with a predictable and heavy yield, then the following year replanted with the same or a different crop.

Public domain plant breeder Tim Peters is working on creating perennial grains.  The way he’s doing this is kind of interesting.  For each of the cereal grains commonly grown today, he has sought out wild relatives in genebanks and other places and cross pollinated them with modern varieties.  The reason is because modern grains were made to be annuals for the convenience of the farmers, so what Tim is doing is reintroducing some of those genes that were lost in that process.

Why are Perennial Grains Interesting?

Perennial grains are interesting because they have a much better carbon footprint than traditional grains, and require fewer chemicals.

Besides the ground not needing to be plowed every year and the energy savings that comes from this, ground that’s disturbed releases carbon.  By not plowing the ground, it allows it to act as a carbon store.

Perennial grains develop strong root systems, and compete very well with weeds.  This reduces or eliminates the need for herbicide applications.

It’s expected perennial grains will also be more disease resistant than modern grains.

They are also drought resistant and do well in poor soils without the addition of fertilizer.

Potentially, this type of grain will become an important source of food for the world.

A Chance to Participate

Would you like to see first hand what a perennial grain looks like and help in the breeding process?

Tim Peters is looking for people to help him develop localized varieties.  The basic idea is to grow it, then select the strongest and most productive plants to save seeds from, then send these seeds back to him.  Of course you would be able to keep some too.

The first grain to trial is rye, and this trial is starting right now.  Planting is done in July and August, so there isn’t a lot of time. [Correction: Tim tells me that while July and August may be best, in fact the trial can be started any time your weather is warm enough to sprout seeds.]

The cost of participating is US$25.  This is because Tim cannot afford all of the postage and other support costs himself.

Next year other grains will be trialled, but it’s expected far fewer seeds will be available for these trials, and priority will be given to those who have successfully participated in the rye trial this year.

You will need some considerable garden space, at least several hundred square feet (30-100m2).  Perhaps you can do with a little less now, if you will have more space available in the spring.

If you’re interested, send me an email as soon as possible and I’ll pass your details on to either Tim or the project coordinator.  If demand for participating exceeds the available supply of seeds Tim may have to choose people according to the space they have available or if their climate is desirable for his trial.

Garden Pictures June 2009, Part 2

My current favorite bean, Dog Bean, is growing here filling the bed and doing a pretty good job smothering the weeds.  It’s just started to bloom, so the dry bean harvest should be in 4-6 weeks.  I’m growing lots of different beans this year, given to me by a lot of different people.

dog_beans2

I’m quite excited about the sweet corn.  It’s Painted Hills created by plant breeder Alan Kapuler.  I purchased the seeds from his daughter’s seed company Peace Seedlings.  The website is a little out of date, and it’s worth asking them for their printed seed list which may have more varieties available.

The variety is a combination of a multi-colored starch corn called Painted Mountain and Luther Hills sweet corn, yielding a cold soil tolerant multi-colored sweet corn.

It’s clear this variety needs some more breeding/selection before it will truly be suitable for my climate.  I first had problems getting the seeds to germinate, because of damping off problems.  This might be unrelated to the seeds.  Then I had problems with the plants dying after transplant, again maybe this might be my fault for transplanting too early.  Now however, many of the plants are small and stunted and unlikely to produce ears.

The remaining healthy plants are however a true delight to watch growing.  Like the ears of corn, the plants are all different colors:

painted_hills

Among the plants that seem to be going slowly this year are the pole beans.  Many of the varieties I’ve planted this year have yet to start climbing their poles.  This one, Nekar Queen given to me by Crazytomato is not only climbing the pole but the name tag as well:

nekar_queen

The edible Chrysanthemums Kate gave me at last years meeting in Oxford are blooming their hearts out.  I never did get a chance to taste the greens before they started blooming.  Oh well, there’ll be plenty of seeds to try again next year!

chryth_greens1

Mike gave me seed for Cape Spitz, an oxheart shaped cabbage.  Oxheart cabbage is a real food staple here, sold in all the supermarkets and markets and often used in both Dutch foods and foods of former Dutch colonies.  The only other oxheart variety I’ve grown is Henderson Wakefield a few years ago, and I’m very curious to see how what Mike grows in South Africa compares with what’s available here locally.

cape_spitz1

I had originally intended to do a big planting of artichokes this year, and expected seeds from a couple of different seed savers as well as some purchased varieties.  In every case, something went wrong and I didn’t get the seeds I expected or they didn’t germinate, except this variety of Cardoon from Baker Creek.  I wasn’t really interested in trying cardoon particularly, except to grow it along side some artichokes, but here it is…  I keep hearing very negative things from fellow gardeners about it’s taste.  The gardener next to me says she has a friend who grows it, but only as an ornamental plant.  Anyway, here it is.  If I don’t get a chance to eat it this year, I’ll select the best 1 or 2 of the 12 or so plants I have to keep and grow next year and try then.

cardoon1

Finally, here is one of my oca plants.  They’ve been blooming and look good so far.  Last year I was unprepared to protect it from early frosts, and I din’t get much of a harvest.  The plants are daylight sensitive, and produce most of their tubers in the run-up to the winter solstice, but at the same time are killed by frosts, making this a challenging plant in almost any climate.  It also apparently doesn’t like to be grown in a greenhouse.

oca2

Garden Pictures June 2009, Part 1

This year many plants seems smaller than last year, but in the last few days it’s been hot and wet, a combination that’s making things grow fast.

As well as other plants, the weeds have really been taking over, and you’ll notice lots of them in the pictures here.  The new plot I got at the community gardens this year was neglected and very weedy.

The asparagus is almost as tall as me.  Here’s what the male plants look like, sort of bushy and green:

asparagus_male

The female plants have seed pods forming on them:

asparagus_female

The garlic is beginning to brown and the scapes are straightening out.  Harvest is a few weeks away.

garlic5

The pear tree has a few small pears on it:

pear1

I’m growing mustard for the first time this year, and here are the last few blooms on the plants.  I’ll certainly be growing it again.  The young leaves have a nice spicy flavor, and are great in salads.  The plants do a great job smothering weeds, and the flowers attract pollinating insects.  The plants sure have a lot of seeds on them, and it’ll be interesting to see if I have enough to cook with.  This variety is called Florida Broadleaf and comes from a local gardener, Crazytomato.

mustard

The yacón is still small, but starting to grow fast.  This is the normal brown skinned variety I grew last year:

yacon3

The is yacón morado, a red skinned variety.  Both these varieties come from Frank.  You can see the leaves look very different:

yacon_morado

I grow celeriac or celery root most years.  I don’t save my own seed, and this is Giant Prague from Baker Creek seeds.  I think this is one of the more underrated vegetables, in particular it makes great soup:

celeriac1

Today’s Weather Forecast in Amsterdam

Today’s weather forecast is partly cloudy, high temperature of 25C (about 80F), with a chance of scattered heavy showers and hail.

It’s really that last bit that gets to me, ‘hail’.  After all shouldn’t there be some point in the summer when the chance of hail is behind us?

Garlic Rust Appears

I didn’t have my camera, but I noticed rust on my garlic plants yesterday.

Most years the rust tends to appear in one place, then spreads out from there.  This year all my plants seem to have become infected at the same time.

It’s really hard to say if the milk I used made any difference.

Since I would normally begin harvesting in a week or two anyway, the rust is no real problem this year.